FTIR Notes and Research

The following AP Notes are available should you be interested. Please contact us or by phone at (413) 642-5595.
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Basics FTIR

TN-100	The Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy, Joe Van Gompel, PhD
TN-102	Making Your Own Reference Spectra, Method, and Determining Cell Pathlength Using AutoQuant 3.x. P Zemek, Ph.D.

Gas Phase Analysis

AP-118	Extractive FTIR: Manufacturing Process Optimization Study. J.S. Eldridge, J.W. Stock, W.K. Reagen and J.M. Osborne, 3M Environmental Technology & Services, St. Paul, MN, (Air & Waste Management Assn.).
AP-119	Comprehensive VOC Source Emissions Assessment. A Combined Approach of EPA Method TO-14, EPA Method TO-11, and Extractive FTIR. W.K. Reagen, Margaret M. DePuydt and Brian D. Wright, 3M Environmental Technology & Services, St. Paul, MN, (Air & Waste Management Assn.).
AP-121	Passive Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Monitoring of SO2 in Smokestack Plumes: A Comparison of Remote Passive Spectra of an Actual Hot Plume with Emission Spectra of an Actual Hot Plume with Emission Spectra Collected with a Heatable Cell. C.T. Chaffin, T.L. Marshall, AeroSurvey, Inc., Manhatten, KS. R.J. Combs, R.B. Knapp, U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. R.T. Kroutil, W.G. Fateley, R.M. Hammaker, Kansas State University, Manhatten, KS. (Optical Sensing for Environmental and Process Monitoring, November 1994).
AP-122	Protocol for the use of Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry for the Analyses of Gaseous Emissions from Stationary Sources. From the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) technology transfer network (TTN).
AP-123	FTIR Monitoring for Real Time Organic Emissions Measurement and Process Control at Military or Industrial Coating Facilities and Other Solvent Operations. Jacqueline Ayer, Air Quality Specialists, Newport Beach, CA. Glen M. Williams, Infrared Analysis, Anaheim, CA.(Air & Waste Management Association, June 1996).
AP-124	Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Extractive FTIR Spectroscopy. Duane E. Bartak, Russell A. Wiley, Christopher Crome, Marjorie Rover, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA. (Air & Waste Management Association, June 1996).
AP-126	EPA Method 25A. William K. Reagan, 3M Environmental Laboratory, St. Paul, MN. Brian D.
AP-131	Quantitative Measurements by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Toxic Gas Production During Inhibition of JP-8 Fires by CF3Br and C3F7H. Steven H. Modiano, Kevin L. McNesby, Paul E. Marsh, William Bolt, And Craig Herud (Applied Optics, pages 4004-4008, July 20, 1996).
AP-139	EPA Test Method 320: Measurement of Vapor Phase Organic and Inorganic Emissions by Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy.
AP-147	Fourier Transform Infrared Method Validation at a Carbon Bed Solvent Unit for Four Gaseous Hydrocarbons, W. K. Reagen, B. D. Wright, D. J. Krueger, G. M. Plummer (Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33,10,1752).
AP-156	The MIDAC Low Moisture in Corrosive Gases Process Analyzer for Continuous On-Line Process Analysis. P.G. Zemek.
AP-157	Validation Study of FTIR-based Emissions Measurements at a Municipal Waste Control Combustor, P.G. Zemek, Grant M. Plummer
AP-206	“Puff by Puff” Cigarette Filtered and Whole Smoke Process Analyzer for Continuous On-Line Applications, P.G.Zemek
AP-212	PPM-Level HCI Measurements from Cement Kiln and Waste Incinerators by FTIR Spectroscopy, Joe Van Gompel, P.G. Zemek, Steve Powman

General Spectroscopy

AP-147

Fourier Transform Infrared Method Validation at a Carbon Bed Solvent Recovery Unit for Four Gaseous Hydrocarbons, W.K. Reagen, B.D. Wright, D.J. Krueger, G.M. Plummer (Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33, 10, 1752).

Laboratory

AP-103	Quantitative Analysis of Epoxy Mixing Ratios Using Partial Least Squares Analysis of FTIR Spectra. W. Britton
AP-104	Compact FTIR Spectrometer Inside A Glovebox: IR Spectroelectrochemistry and other Applications. A. Saravanamuthu, A. Bruce, M. Bruce
AP-117	On-Site Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrometry at an Archaeological Excavation. Stephen Weiner, Paul Goldberg (Spectroscopy, February 1990).

Open Path Analysis

AP-110	Development of Sampling Strategies for Open Path FTIR Monitoring of Fugitive Emissions. C. Chaffin
AP-111	Analyzing Air from a Single Beam Spectrum. P.Hanst (Spectroscopy Magazine, November, 1993).
AP-112	Detection of Fugitive Emissions Using Passive Remote FTIR Spectroscopy. J. Demirgian
AP-113	Real-time Data Collection Programs for a Commercial Passive FT-IR Remote Sensor. R. Kroutil, M. Housky, G.W. Small (Spectroscopy, February 1994).
AP-114	Distinguishing Benzene's 674cm-1 Absorption Band from Interferences in Open-Path FTIR Spectra. C. Chaffin, T. Marshall (American Environmental Laboratory, April, 1995).
AP-115	An Introduction to Open-Path FTIR Atmospheric Monitoring. TL Marshall, CT Chaffin, R.M. Hammaker, W.G. Fateley.
AP-116	FTIR and Fugitive Emissions. TL Marshall, CT Chaffin, M.D. Tucker, W.G. Fateley (Environmental Testing and Analysis, May 1994).
AP-120	Infrared Analysis of Volcanic Plumes: A Case Study in The Application of Open-Path FT-IR Monitoring Techniques. Charles T. Chaffin, TL Marshall, W.G. Fateley and R.M. Hammaker, (Spectroscopy Europe, May/June 1995).
AP-128	Accuracy and Advantages of Synthetic Calibration of Smoke Spectra. Robert J. Yokelson, University of Montana, David W.T. Griffith, University of Wollongong-Australia, James B. Burkholder, University of Colorado, Darold E. Ward, USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. (Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association Symposium on Optical Remote Sensing for Environmental and Process Monitoring, San Francisco, Sept. 25-27, 1995).
AP-133	Optical Measurement of Toxic Gases Produced During Firefighting Using Halons. Kevin L. McNesby, Robert G. Daniel, Andrzej W. Miziolek, and Steven H. Modiano.
AP-134	Effect of Ambient Blackbody and Other IR Emission Sources on Bistatic, Open-Path FTIR Measurements. Edgar Thompson, Jr., Jeffrey Childers and George Russwurm, ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (AWMA, San Antonio, June 1995)
AP-144	Thermal Stability Evaluation for Passive FTIR Spectrometry. R. J. Combs (Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology, 3, 2, 81).
AP-145	Signal Processing Strategies for Passive FT-IR Sensors, R. E. Shaffer, R. J. Combs (SPIE Conference on Electro-Optical Technology for Remote Chemical Detection and Identification III, 3383, April 1998).
AP-150	Effect of Spectral Resolution on Pattern Recognition Analysis Using Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Sensor Data, A. S. Bangalore, J. C. Demirgian, A. S. Boparai, G. W. Small (Applied Spectroscopy, 53, 11, 1382).
AP-151	Radiometric Linearity in Passive FTIR Spectrometry, R. T. Kroutil, R. J. Combs, R. B. Knapp (SPIE Conference on Internal Standardization and Calibration Architectures for Chemical Sensors, 3856,September 1999).
AP-152	Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in Northa Carolina measured by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, R. J. Yokelson, J. G. Goode, D. E. Ward, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, D. D. Wade, I. Bertschi, D. W. T. Griffith, W. M. Hao (J. of Geophys, Res., 1999, 104, D23, 30, 109).
AP-153	Trace gas emission from laboratory biomass fires measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Fires in grass and surface fuels, J. G. Goode, R. J. Yokelson (J. of Geophys. Res,. 1999, 104, D17, 21, 237).
AP-154	Quantitative Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide with Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Remote Sensing Interferogram Data, M.J. Mattu, G.W. Small, R.J. Combs, R.B. Knapp, R.T. Kroutil (Applied Spectroscopy, 54, 3, 341).
AP-155	FT-IR Spectrometers Perform Environmental Monitoring, George M. Russwurm, Jeffrey W. Childers (Laser Focus World, April 1995)
AP-200	Volcanic gas measurements by helicopter-borne Fourier transform spectroscopy, C.Openheimer, P. Francis, and A.Maciejewski
AP-201	Spectroscopic observation of HCI degassing from Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat , C.Openheimer, P. Francis, and A.Maciejewski
AP-202	Remote Sensing of CO2, and H20 emission rates from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, Michael R. Burton, C.Oppenheimer, Lisa Horrocks, Peter Francis
AP-203	Remote CO, COS, CO2, SO2, HCL detection and temperature estimation of volcanic gas, Toshiya Mori and Kenji Notsu
AP-204	Stable gas plume composition measured by OP-FTIR spectroscopy at Mayasa Volcano, Nicaragua, Michael R., Lisa Horrocks, Peter Francis
AP-205	Optical Remote Sensing for Emission characterization From Non-Point Sources

Petroleum Analysis

AP-127	Comprehensive Analysis of Reformulated Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Using Portable FTIR Instruments. Leslie M. Tack, Jennifer E. Lyons and Caroline M. Taylor, MIDAC Corporation.
AP-136	Determination of Weight Percent Oxygen in Commercial Gasoline: A Comparison Between FT-RAMAN, FT-IR, and Dispersive Near-IR Spectroscopies. John Cooper, Kent Wise, William Welch, Roy Bledsoe, and Michael Sumner (Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 50, No. 7, July 1996)
AP-148	Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry (ASTM Draft).
AP-149	The MIDAC FOx FTIR Oil Analyzer for Laboratory, Field, Mobile, and On-line Applications, L. Tack (International Oil Analysis Exhibition, Tulsa, Oklahoma, October 1999).

Semiconductors

AP-132	A Better Way to Clean CVD Chambers of Residual Oxides - Using FTIR Analysis, Scientists at 3M have shown that C3F8 produces less net PFC and CO2-Equivalent Emissions than C2F6. Vic Comello (R&D Magazine, pages 31-32, July 1997).
AP-135	Reducing PFC Emissions Using C3F8 - Based PECVD Clean. Sey-Ping Sun, David Bennett, Larry Zazzera, William Reagen (Semiconductor International, February 1998)
AP-137	Continuous In-Line Monitoring of Cl2 and HCl in Water-Vapor-Saturated Gas Streams Using Mass Spectrometry. Dr. Josep Arno (Spectroscopy, Vol. 13, No. 2, February 1998)
AP-138	Protocol For FTIR Measurements Of Fluorinated Compounds In Semiconductor Process Tool Exhaust. Dr. William Reagen (Sematech, 1997)
AP-140	Infrared Study of Process Emissions During C3F8/O2 Plasma Cleaning of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Chambers, L. Zazzera, W. Reagan, A. Cheng (Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 10 3597).
AP-141	Application of FTIR for Monitoring Cleanroom Air and Process Emissions, L. Zazzera, W. Reagan (Solid State Technology Supplement, May 1998).
AP-142	Trace Water Vapor Determination in Nitrogen and Corrosive Gases Using Infrared Spectroscopy, L. H. Espinoza, T. M. Niemczyk, B. R. Stallard, M.J. Garcia (Sandia Report, SAND97-1494, UC-411, June 1997).

Software and Methods

AP-100	FTIR Partial Least Squares Analysis of Cyclohexane Mixtures. W. Britton
AP-125	An Examination of a Least Squares Fit FTIR Spectral Analysis Method. Grant M. Plummer, Rho Squared, Durham, NC. William K. Reagan, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M) Company, St. Paul, Minnesota. (Air & Waste Management Association, June 1996).
AP-128	Accuracy and Advantages of Synthetic Calibration of Smoke Spectra. Robert J. Yokelson, University of Montana, David W.T. Griffith, University of Wollongong-Australia, James B. Burkholder, University of Colorado, Darold E. Ward, USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. (Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association Symposium on Optical Remote Sensing for Environmental and Process Monitoring, San Francisco, Sept. 25-27, 1995).
AP-146	Diagnostic Computer Program for FT-IR Spectrometry, R. T. Kroutil, R. J. Combs, R. B. Knapp (SPIE Conference on Online Chemical Process Monitoring with Advanced Techniques, 3537, November 1998).
AP-150	Effect of Spectral Resolution on Pattern Recognition Analysis Using Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Sensor Data, A. S. Bangalore, J. C. Demirgian, A. S. Boparai, G. W. Small (Applied Spectroscopy, 53, 11, 1382).